英语教学法知识点整理.pdfVIP

1， Structural view of language sees languages as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems (Larsen-FreemanLong): Phonology, morphology, syntax. 语言的结构观把语言看作是由各种子系统组成的语言系统（弗 里曼 朗）：音位学、形态学、句法。 2， Functional view: communicative needs of the learner (Johnson and Marrow ), the functional view not only sees languages as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, and apologizing. 功能观： 学习者的交际需求 （约翰逊和马罗），功能观不仅把语 言看作一种语言系统，而且把语言看作一种做事的手段。我们 日常使用的大部分语言都涉及功能性活动： 提供、建议和道歉。 3， Interactional view: the interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people. 互动观：互动观认为语言是一种交际工具，其主要作用是建立 和维护人与人之间的社会关系。 4， Behaviourist theory: the way human acquires language ( Harmer). Based on their experiments, Watson and Raynor formulated a stimulus-response theory of psychology. The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “you can train an animal to do anything(within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement ”(Harmer) 行为主义理论： 人类获取语言的方式 （哈默）。基于他们的实验， 华生和雷诺制定了心理学的刺激反应理论。条件作用理论的关 键是，“如果你遵循一个有三个主要阶段： 刺激、反应和强化的 特定程序， 你可以训练一只动物做任何事情 （在理性范围内）。” 5， Cognitive theory: the term cognitivism is often used loosely to describe methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat( Noam Chomsky, Skinner) P5 认知理论：认知主义这个术语经常被松散地用来描述要求学生 思考而不是简单重复的方法（诺姆·乔姆斯基，斯金纳）