09高分子科学导论橡胶.pptxVIP

Introduction to Polymer ScienceRUBBER 橡胶 Part 1CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUBBERPROPERTIES OF RUBBER/ELASTOMERAn elastomer is a polymer with the property of elasticity. The term, which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, although the latter is preferred when referring to vulcanisates. Elastomers are amorphous polymers existing above their glass transition temperature, so that considerable segmental motion is possible. At ambient temperatures rubbers are thus relatively soft and deformable. The elasticity is derived from the ability of the long chains to reconfigure themselves to distribute an applied stress. The covalent cross-linkages ensure that the elastomer will return to its original configuration when the stress is removed.Their primary uses are for seals, adhesives and molded flexible parts.CHARACTERISTIC OF ELASTOMERIC PROPERTYsmall elastic modulusSteel：20000MPa；PE：200MPa (crystallized)；PS：2500MPa；Rubber: 0.2-8MPalarge strainSteel: ＜1%Rubber: 300~1000%elastic modulus of the rubber increased with the temperatureThe motion and retractive force of the chain segments increased with the temperature, resulted in a high resistance of deformation.The high elastic deformation of the rubber is time dependent , i. e. mechanical relaxationThe deformation process have obvious thermal effect.RUBBER ELASTICITY高弹态（high elastic state）是高分子运动的特点之一；大部分高分子在Tg~ Tf间都可表现出一定的高弹性。glass statehigh elastic stateviscous stateglass transationdeformationIIIIIIviscoelastic transition TgTfTemperature (oC)高弹态是聚合物特有的力学状态。在Tg以上的非晶态聚合物处于高弹态，典型的代表是各种橡胶，因为其Tg≈-60 ~-20)℃，所以在一般使用温度下均呈高弹态。RUBBER ELASTICITY橡胶带在绝热的情况下拉伸时，其温度会升高橡胶在负载重物下受热过程中表现为收缩而不是伸展。这种特性被称为热弹效应 thermoelastic effect l0dlfRUBBER ELASTICITY长度为 l0 的橡胶试样，等温下受外力 f 作用拉伸，伸长为 dl 。根据热力学第一定律有：其中： 而dV≈ 0，则：整理后可得：实验证明在橡胶拉伸过程中内能基本不变，即：RUBBER ELASTICITY橡胶弹性体的聚合物分子链都是通过弱的分子间色散力聚集在一起的，因此在外力作用下分子链能快速相对滑动，产生明显形变。当拉伸时，分子链排列由于取向作用变得规整，从而导致结晶，进一步增加了材料的强度。硫化反应引入了交联结构，使得链段