分析化学课件：第七章 沉淀滴定和沉淀重量法.pptVIP

* Crystalline Precipitates Methods of improving particle size and filterability Minimizing Q or maximizing S Digestion improves the purity and filterability of both colloidal and crystalline precipitates * Coprecipitation共沉淀 A process in which normally soluble compounds are carried out of solution by a precipitate. There are four types of coprecipitation Possibilities Affecting Purity of Precipitates * Types of Coprecipitation Surface adsorption: A process in which a substance is held on the surface of a solid. Washing to reduce surface adsoprtion Mixed-Crystal Formation A process in which a compound is trapped within a pocket formed during rapid crystal growth. occur in both colloidal and crystalline precipitates. Preseparation to avoid mixed-crystal formation Occlusion A process in which a contaminant ion replaces an ion in the lattice of a crystal. confined to crystalline precipitates Digestion to reduce occlusion Mechanical Entrapment Several crystals growing together and in so doing trap a portion of the solution in a tiny pocket.onfined to crystalline precipitates Digestion to reduce Mechanical entrapment * Post-precipitation Precipitation of Zn2+ in 0.01 mol·L-1 HCl (with Ni2+ present) Digestion (h) Ni% in ZnS Reagent Blank (NiCl2 only) 3 12 24 36 60 0 3.0 33 55 88 0 0 0 0 0 （no precipitation） * Errors from Coprecipitation Analytes Precipitates Results SO42- BaSO4(BaCl2) （＋） BaSO4(Na2SO4) （－） Ba2+ BaSO4(H2SO4) no? BaSO4(CaSO4) （＋） * Approaches to Obtain Reasonably Pure Precipitate Crystalline(BaSO4) ①diluted ②HCl ③ heating ④ adding H2SO4 slowly with stirring ⑤digestion ⑥washing using diluted H2SO4(?) for analyzing Ba2＋, water for SO42－ (?) Colloidal(Fe2O3·xH2O) amorphous Heating and Relatively concentrated solution with heating Large amount of electrolytes Filtration at high temperature，and digestion is unnecessary Reprecipitating sometimes to remove impurity * Being Selective Providing weighing form with larger formula weig