制浆造纸专业单词7.docVIP

Wood is the principal source of cellulosic fiber for pulp and paper manufacture. At present, wood provides about 93% of the worlds virgin fiber requirement, while non-wood sources, mainly bagasse cereal straws and bamboo, provide the remainder. Approximately one-third of all paper products are recycled into secondary fiber. TREE STRUCTURE A tree can be considered to have three general parts: ? the crown composed of leaves and branches ?the stem ?the root system The leaves or needles are the factories where food material is manufactured through photosynthesis to provide the tree with energy and growth. Photosynthesis is the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll and light. Although the crown is both the source of nutrients and the regulating center for wood production, wood is not produced directly by photosynthesis. Rather, wood results through cell divisions of the vascular cambium using energy derived from the products of photosynthesis. After cambial division, each successive cell undergoes enlargement, wall thickening, and lignification.  Fiber Supply tree trunk revealing the general structure. Figure 2-2 shows a transverse cross-section. The cambium consists of a thin layer of tissue between the bark and the inner sapwood. In temperate climes, the rate of cambial growth varies with the seasons giving rise to the deposition of thin-wall fiber cells in the spring and more denser thick-wall fibers in the fall. The cambium is dormant during the cooler months of the year. The yearly growth cycle is reflected in the annual rings, the total number of which represent the trees age. The inner bark (phloem) is a narrow layer of tissue where the carbohydrate-containing sap moves upward and downward through sieve tubes and rays. The outer bark is a collection of dead cells which originally existed in the inner living bark: it is composed of a variety of extraneous components in addition to cellulose, hemicellulose and lign