统计学英文课件：Chapter 02 Frequency Tables, Frequency.pptVIP

Describing Data:Frequency Tables, FrequencyDistributions, and Graphic Presentation Chapter 2 Bar Charts Pie Charts Pie Chart Using Excel Frequency Distribution A Frequency distribution is a grouping of data into mutually exclusive categories showing the number of observations in each class. Frequency Table Relative Class Frequencies Class frequencies can be converted to relative class frequencies to show the fraction of the total number of observations in each class. A relative frequency captures the relationship between a class total and the total number of observations. Frequency Distribution Class midpoint: A point that divides a class into two equal parts. This is the average of the upper and lower class limits. Class frequency: The number of observations in each class. Class interval: The class interval is obtained by subtracting the lower limit of a class from the lower limit of the next class. EXAMPLE – Creating a Frequency Distribution Table Constructing a Frequency Table - Example Step 1: Decide on the number of classes. A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is the “2 to the k rule.” such that 2k n. There were 80 vehicles sold. So n = 80. If we try k = 6, which means we would use 6 classes, then 26 = 64, somewhat less than 80. Hence, 6 is not enough classes. If we let k = 7, then 27 128, which is greater than 80. So the recommended number of classes is 7. Step 2: Determine the class interval or width. The formula is: i ? (H-L)/k where i is the class interval, H is the highest observed value, L is the lowest observed value, and k is the number of classes. ($35,925 - $15,546)/7 = $2,911 Round up to some convenient number, such as a multiple of 10 or 100. Use a class width of $3,000 Constructing a Frequency Table - Example Step 3: Set the individual class limits Step 4: Tally the vehicle selling prices into the classes. Step 5: Count the number of items in each class. Relative Frequency Distribution Graphic Presen