高等数学教材word版(免费下载)..pdfVIP

目 录 一、函数与极限 ································································································2 1、集合的概念 ····························································································2 2 、常量与变量 ····························································································3 2 、函数 ·····································································································4 3 、函数的简单性态 ······················································································4 4 、反函数 ··································································································5 5 、复合函数 ·······························································································6 6 、初等函数 ·······························································································6 7 、双曲函数及反双曲函数 ·············································································7 8 、数列的极限 ····························································································9 9 、函数的极限 ·························································································· 10 10、函数极限的运算规则 ············································································ 12 一、函数与极限 1、集合的概念 一般地我们把研究对象统称为元素，把一些元素组成的总体叫集合（简称集）。集合具有确定性（给 定集合的元素必须是确定的）和互异性（给定集合中的元素是互不相同的）。比如“身材较高的人”不能 构成集合，因为它的元素不是确定的。 我们通常用大字拉丁字母 A 、B 、C 、……表示集合，用小写拉丁字母 a、b、c ……表示集合中的元素。 如果 a 是集合 A 中的元素，就说 a 属于 A ，记作： a ∈A ，否则就说 a 不属于 A ，记作： a A 。 ⑴、全体非负整数组成的集合叫做非负整数集（或自然数集）。记作 N ⑵、所有正整数组成的集合叫做正整数集。记作 N+ 或 N+ 。 ⑶、全体整数组成的集合叫做整数集。记作 Z 。 ⑷、全体有理数组成的集合叫做有理数集。记作 Q 。 ⑸、全体实数组成的集合叫做实数集。记作 R。 集合的表示方法 列举法：