(病毒学教学课件）Lecture on influenza viruses.pptVIP

(病毒学教学课件〕Lecture on influenza viruses;General Overview;Influenza Epidemiology in Humans ;Basic Structure ;Electron micrographs of influenza A virus;New H1N1 influenza viruses;Genome structure of influenza A virus;Ecology – Wild aquatic birds, many species, inter-mediators;Migratory flyways of wild bird populations;Barriers of Zoonotic Transmission;Subtypes of HA and NA;Reassortment (Antigenic Shift);Antigenic Drift of H3 HA;Origin of pandemic viruses of 1918/1977, 1957 and 1968;Origin of new pandemic H1N1 strain in 2021;Origin of epidemic strains of H5N1 and H9N2 ;Origin of H7N9 Outbreak;Reverse genetics to generate recombinant influenza viruses;Replication cycle (dependent on nuclear functions);Influenza Spike Protein HA;Receptors and RME;Structural change of HA at low PH;;Anti-NA and M2 drugs;RNP release model;Protein complex of vRNPs;NP;Nuclear import of vRNP (viral RNA and vRNPs);All processes are catalyzed by viral polymerase complex;Model for transcription of influenza mRNA;Influenza viral RNP nuclear expert;Internal structure of influenza particles;Structure of NA;Anti-NA drugs;Infection and immunity;;Conventional vaccine strategy - Monitor antigenic drift of virus strains circulating in the human population every year and update the vaccine every 1 to 3 years. Currently licensed influenza vaccine only protect homologous and closely related strains. Mismatch between vaccine components and the prevailing dominant strains occurred in 1997/1998 and 2003/2004 flu seasons. - However, antigenic shift is not factored into vaccine design. “Universal〞 vaccine strategy (with a premise of conserved epitopes) 1) T cell-based against viral internal proteins M1, NP and PA 2) Antibody-based against M2e and HA;Epitope Variability vs. Protective Immunity;Maximum-likelihood trees of HA;Antigenic sites of HA;Vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses against envelope spikes;Viral envelope protein-based vaccine design;Delivery Methods;Human practic