lu免疫耐受与免疫调节2015b.pptxVIP

免疫耐受Immune tolerance Lu,LinrongInstitute of Immunology, ZJUmailto:Lu.Linrong@Lu.Linrong@/llrImmunological Tolerance*Definition *History （Early observations )*Mechanism Central Tolerance Peripheral Tolerance*Induction (Acquired tolerance)Definition Immune tolerance or ‘Immunological tolerance is the process by which the Immune system does not attack an antigen. Specific immunological unresponsiveness to a given antigen.It occurs in 2 forms: natural tolerance (self tolerance) and acquired tolerance (induced tolerance).Immune toleranceImmune tolerance is an active process which is different from immunodeficiency or immunosuppression.Immunodeficiency: A disorder or state in which the Immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Overall Inability of the immune system to respond to a broad range of antigens (genetic reason or AIDS).Immunosuppression: A condition where the activation or efficacy of the immune system is reduced (induced by an immunosuppressant ).Natural Tolerance (self tolerance): Self tolerance: Individuals normally do not respond to their self“ antigens, i.e., they are tolerant to self. This is the basis for self- non self discrimination by the immune system to ensure immune system not to attack self. Loss of self tolerance can lead to autoimmunity.Acquired tolerance Induced unresponsiveness to foreign Ags.It can be used to facilitate transplantation or when tolerance is necessary (acquired tolerance)Early Observations Ray Owen, 1945Dizygotic cattle twins that shared the same placenta were blood cell chimaeras, ie contained blood cells of two different haplotypes in adults and, - these two haplotypes co-existed in the adults without mutual rejection.Ray OwenEarly Observations Such chimaeric cattle will exchange skin grafts without rejection. Normally, if cells of one of the two haplotypes were transferred to an adult cattle of the other haplotype, these were promptly rejected. Thus, tolerance in the dizygoti