语言学考试总结(1)..docVIP

语言学考试总结(1). 语言学考试总结(1). PAGE / NUMPAGES 语言学考试总结(1). Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. The design feature of language: arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement.注意 arbitrariness, duality 这两个。 Arbitrariness means the forms of linguistic signs bears no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we cannot explain why a book is called a /buk/ and a pen a /pen/. 还有三个特点，看一下。 Main branches of linguistics: Phonetics(语音学 )， Phonology(音系 学)， Morphology(形态学 )， Syntax（句法学），Semantics（语义学），Pragmatics（语用学） Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. Macrolinguistics( 宏观语言学 ) Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）注意定义 (investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example) ， Sociolinguistics（ 社 会语 言 学 ）， Anthropological linguistics(人类语言学 )，Computational linguistics(计算机语言 学). Important distinctions in linguistics: ( 理解 ) Descriptive vs. Prescriptive (描写式 /规定式 ): the distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Synchronic vs. Diachronic: (共时 /历时 ): synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation; diachronic linguistics is study of a language through the course of its history. Langue vs. Parole（ language/ speaking语言 /言语） : the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistic. Competence vs. Performance (语言能力 /语言运用 ): a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence, and performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situation. Phonetics（语音学） studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived. The three branches of Phonetics：Articulatory Phonetics(发音语音 学 ) 发展最成熟，Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学） ， Auditory Phonetics（听觉语音学） Phonology（音系学） studies the rules governing the structure, distributi