关系模型及oracle对象关系数据库.pptxVIP

第三章 关系模型及oracle对象关系数据库;关系数据库系统是支持关系模型的数据库系统。 1970年初，IBM公司的高级研究员Dr.E.F.Codd发表论文提出了关系模型，奠定了关系数据库的理论基础。Dr.E.F.Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970s. Vendors: ORACLE(9i ),IBM(DB2) , Microsoft (ACESS and SQLServer), Foxbase(Foxpro), Sybase;关系的定义;主码（primary key）:表中的某个属性组，它可以唯一确定元组。each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key. It must contain a value 外码（foreign key）：you can logically relate information from multiple tables using foreign keys. ;关系模型;关系代数;例如， D1=导师集合= {张清玫，刘逸}， D2 =专业集合= {计算机，信息}， D3 =研究生集合={ 李勇，刘晨，王名} 则 D1 X D2 X D3 ={ (张清玫，计算机，李勇 ) , (张清玫，计算机，刘晨 ) , (张清玫，计算机，王名 ) , (张清玫，信 息，李勇 ) , (张清玫，信 息，刘晨 ) , (张清玫，信 息，王名 ) , (刘 逸，计算机，李勇 ) , (刘 逸，计算机，刘晨 ) , (刘 逸，计算机，王名 ) , (刘 逸，信 息，李勇 ) , (刘 逸，信 息，刘晨 ) , (刘 逸，信 息，王名 ) }, 共12个元组。笛卡儿积可对应一张二维表。 ; basic operators Set intersection 交 Union 并 set difference 差（集合差） Cartesian product 笛卡儿积 Select 选择 Project 投影 Natural join 自然连接 Division 除 The operators take two or more relations as inputs and give a new relation as a result.;(1) Select Operation – Example;Notation: ? p(r) p is called the selection predicate Defined as: ?p(r) = {t | t ? r and p(t)} Where p is a formula in propositional calculus consisting of terms connected by : ? (and), ? (or), ? (not)Each term is one of: attribute op attribute or constant where op is one of: =, ?, , ?. . ? Example of selection: ? branch-name=“Perryridge”(account);(2) Project Operation – Example;Notation: ?A1, A2, …, Ak (r) where A1, A2 are attribute names and r is a relation name. The result is defined as the relation of k columns obtained by erasing the columns that are not listed Duplicate rows removed from re