初中英语现在完成时详解.pdfVIP

现在完成时 一、现在完成时构成 构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人 称单数用has ，其余用have. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not 、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 否定式 疑问式 I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…? You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…? He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…? 否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定） Have I not (Haven’t I) studied…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. 二、现在完成时用法 1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作 或状态对现在的结果或影响。 My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。 I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。 2 、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如 recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet 等。如： I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。 She has been with us since Monday. ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来） ③since+时段+ago ④since+从句（过去时） ⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注意： since 和for 的区别 since 后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for 后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如ten years, a while, two days 等。 3、表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die 等，在完成时当中不能和 表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks. × The old man has died for 4 months. × They have left only for 5 minutes. × 4 、has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到) Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方） My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago. 5、现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago,