TED中英官方演讲稿-NaokoIshii_2017G保护地球的经济案例.docx

Good evening, everyone.?各位晚上好。I am from Japan, so Id like to start with a story about Japanese fishing villages. In the past, every fisherman was tempted to catch as many as fish as possible, but if everybody did that, the fish, common shared resource in the community, would disappear. The result would be hardship and poverty for everyone. This happened in some cases, but it did not happen in other cases. In these communities, the fishermen developed a kind of social contract that told each one of them to hold back a bit to prevent overfishing. The fisherman would keep an eye on each other. There would be a penalty if you were caught cheating. But once the benefit of a social contract became clear to everyone, the incentive to cheat dramatically dropped.我来自日本， 在此我想先跟大家分享 一个日本渔村的故事。 过去，每个渔民都渴望 捕到的鱼越多越好， 但是如果所有人都这么做的话， 作为社群共享资源的 鱼类资源便会消失。 所有人将面临随之而来的 艰难困苦的日子。 这种情况时有发生， 但是也会出现截然不同的境况。 在这些村落里， 渔民建立起了某种社会契约， 告诉大家捕鱼的时候得 悠着点，避免过度捕获。 渔民之间互相监督。 一旦被抓到违规，就要面临罚款。 可是当大家一旦体会 这个社会契约的好处， 渔民的违规操作就急剧减少。We find the same story around the world. This is how villagers in medieval Europe managed pasture and forests. This is how communities in Asia managed water, and this is how indigenous peoples in the Amazon managed wildlife. These communities realized they relied on a finite, shared resource. They developed rules and practices on how to manage those resources, and they changed their behavior so that they could continue to rely on those shared resources tomorrow by not overfishing, not overgrazing, not polluting or depleting water streams today.这样类似的故事在 世界其他地方都有发生。 就如中世纪欧洲的村民 如何管理牧场与森林。 就如亚洲的村落如何管理水资源， 以及亚马逊那些聪明的 原住民如何管理野生动物那样。 这些群体明白到他们都 依赖有限且共享的资源。 他们建立起规则并用 实践来管理这些资源， 并改变自己的行为， 不过度捕捞，不过度放牧， 不污染或者 耗竭水资源， 如此一来，日后便能继续 依赖于这些共享资源，This is a story of the commons, and also how to avoid the so-called tragedy of the commons. But this is also a story of an economy that was mainly local, where everybody had a very strong sense of belonging.这是一个有关“公共资源”的故事， 关于如何避免所谓的 “公地悲剧”的故事。 但同时也是一个有关经济