机械振动加州大学University of California Chapter Oscillato.docxVIP

1 / 17 Chapter 1 Oscillatory Motion Most engineering machines and structures: – Experience vibration to some degree – All bodies with mass and elasticity capable of vibration Oscillatory systems: – Linear systems with the principle of superposition and the mathematical techniques available – Techniques for the analysis of nonlinear systems are less well known, and difficult to apply. Free vibrations: – Systems oscillate under the action of forces inherent in the system itself – External impressed forces are absent – Vibrate at one or more of its naturalfrequencies Forced vibrations: – When the excitation is oscillatory, the system is forced to vibrate at the excitation frequency. – Resonance if the frequency of excitation coincides with one of the natural frequencies – The failure of major structures such as bridges, buildings, or airplane wings is awesome possibility under resonance. – The calculation of the natural frequencies is of major importance in the study of vibration. Damping: Energy dissipation by friction and other resistances Importance in limiting the amplitude of oscillation at resonance Degrees of Freedom (DOF): 2 / 17 The number of independent coordinates required to describe the motion of a system Three DOF for a particle and six DOF for a rigid body Infinite DOF for a continuous elastic body Rigid body assumption for finite DOF In fact, a surprisingly large number of vibration problems can be treated with sufficient accuracy by reducing the system to one having a few DOF. 1.1 HARMONIC MOTION . Periodic Motion: The motion is repeated in equal interval of time, T T is the period of the oscillation The The frequency of the oscillation f = T The periodic motion can be expressed as x(t)= x(t + T ) 3 / 17 . Harmonic Motion: The simplest form of periodic motion Demonstrated by a suspended mass (Fig. 1.1.1) The motion can be expressed as: x = Asin 2几 t