室内环境与健康.pptVIP

Indoor Air Pollution Reasons for Special Concern ~75–90% of time spent indoors ?Time depends on season, age, gender, health status Many air pollutants known to be hazardous to health are emitted indoors Indoor environments trap pollutants ?Levels may be 2 to 5 times higher than outside Air Inside a Building Can Be Polluted as a Result of Energy conservation measures ?“Air tightening”of buildings?Ventilation 通风, standards lowered?? 流通空气 Building occupancy?? Human activities inside the structure?? Gas-off from synthetic building materials??合成的, 人造的, 综合的 Reliance on forced air ventilation systems Biogenic pollutants ?Aeropathogens 病原体(物) ?Aeroallergens 医 高空过敏症, 气源性致敏原 Infiltration from outdoors 渗透 ?Molds and fungi, combustion sources, animal dander, outdoor air pollution?? Reactivity of pollutants?? Poor housing conditions ?Vermin and pests 有害物 害虫, 寄生虫, 害兽, 害鸟, 歹徒 Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants Sources Pollutants Soil and groundwater Radon and radioactive progeny Building materials and furnishings (carpeting, paint, varnish, adhesives) Formaldehyde, asbestos, vinyl chloride, organic fumes Personal activities and hobbies Cigarette smoking, fireplace smoke, solvent and glue fumes Appliances, cooking, and heating Carbon monoxide, natural gas, cooking odors, boiler and heater fumes Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants More Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants Sources Pollutants Household chemicals (bleach, oven cleaner, insect sprays, nail polish, hair spray) Ammonia, hydrogen chloride, pesticides, organic fumes, aerosols Electronic equipment and wiring Organic fumes, electromagnetic radiation Pets Hair, feces, proteins, dust Plants Pollen, hydrocarbons More Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants The Stack Effect Air Pollution in the Home Air Exchange Rate Rate at which air is replaced in the structure by external air 外部的, 客观的, [医]外用的, 外国的, 表面的n.外部, 外面 ?Average f