普通昆虫学课件-昆虫生殖与胚胎发育.pptVIP

Regional differentiation of the blastoderm 胚盘 leads to the formation of germ band 胚带 and finally ectoderm 外胚层 endoderm 内胚层 mesoderm中胚层 2.4.2 Formation of germ band and its differentiation 胚带的形成及其分化 胚膜 羊膜 The germ band essentially forms the ventral regions of the future body, which progressively differentiates with the head, body segments, and appendages becoming increasingly well defined 在胚层形成的同时，胚胎开始分节并形成附肢 2.4.3 Body segmentation and appendage formation 胚胎的分节与附肢的形成 Protocephalon - Protocorm 原头 - 原躯 原 头 Formation of appendages - Protopod phase 原足期 Body with no distinct segmentation; only head and thorax with primary appendages - Polypod phase 多足期 Body with distinct segments, and each segment with a pair of appendages - Oligopod phase 寡足期 Body with very distinct segments, but appendages of abdomen degenerated 根据胚胎分节和附肢的发生次序，可以将分节后的时期分为3个阶段 外胚层Ectoderm：表皮及表皮的衍生物（表皮腺体、鳞片、刚毛等）、消化道的两端、神经系统、呼吸系统 中胚层Mesoderm：具有多能性，分化为动物的大部分器官，如肌肉、循环系统、生殖系统等 内胚层Endoderm：中肠 2.4.4 Developmental Fate of Insect Germ Layers 胚层的分化和器官的形成 Ectoderm? Epidermis, exocrine glands, brain and nervous system, sense organs, foregut and hindgut, respiratory system, external genitalia Mesoderm Heart, blood, circulatory system, muscles, endocrine glands, fat body, gonads (ovaries and testes) Endoderm? Midgut Ontogeny 个体发育 In most insects, life begins as an independent egg The pattern of growth from egg to adult is called ontogeny Life circle of house fly Insect development and life history 第二篇 昆虫的生物学 Chapter 1 Reproduction of Insects 第一章 昆虫的生殖 Most insects are gonochoric 雌雄异体 with copulation and internal fertilization, but seldom are hermaphrodites 雌雄同体 (an individual is born with both male and female reproductive systems) Successful reproduction is essential for population survival The ability of a single female to give rise to many offspring is an important factor in the success of the Insecta 1.1 Bisexual reproduction 两性生殖 Reproduction by means of the fertilized egg 需要两性交配才能产