普通昆虫学课件-六足总纲的系统发育.pptVIP

Chapter 2. Phylogeny of Hexapoda 六足总纲的系统发育 Traits of Hexapoda Hexa- six；-pod leg Hexapoda＝Insecta（s.l.）； Walking appendages reduced to six, with three body segments consolidating to form the thorax; Tagmosis resulting in three distinct body regions: head, thorax, abdomen 包括内颚纲Entognatha和狭义的昆虫纲Insecta（s.str.） 一、 Entognatha内颚纲 Mouthparts withdrawn in head, the mandible and maxilla are partly contained within the head capsule; No compound eyes。 Including 3 orders： 双尾目Diplura 弹尾目Collembola 原尾目Protura 其实，内颚纲是并系群。 I. Diplura双尾目 Dipl, two; ura, tail Eyeless， antennae long, slender; Cerci long and filiform or short and forcep-like . 表变态epimorphosis。 II. Collembola弹尾目 Coll, glue; embola, a bolt or wedge 6 abdominal segments； Ventral tube (“粘管collophore”) on segment 1 of abdomen； Springing mechanism formed from retinaculum (握弹器) on segment 3, furcula (弹器) on segment 4； Antennae 4-segmented； 表变态Epimorphosis：Adults continue moulting throughout life (up to 50 moults) Cerci lacking III. Protura原尾目 Prot, first; ura, tail Antennae，eyes，and cerci absent；? fore legs enlarged, serving role of antennae； First 3 segments with a pair of styli刺突; 增节变态Anamorphosis : segments added at moults. 原尾虫proturans，蚖 二、Insecta昆虫纲 Female with Ovipositor产卵器，derived from gonapophysis of segment 8 and 9； Segment 11 with a median caudal filaments； Compound eyes present; Mouthparts exposed (ectognathous) Tarsi subsegmented 根据是否原生无翅，Insecta分为: –无翅亚纲Apterygota –有翅亚纲Pterygota。 （一） Apterygota无翅亚纲 A, without; pterygota, winged Primarily Wingless ； Thoracic segments with poorly developed pleura； Abdomen 11-segmented, with styles 3 caudal filaments（2 cerci and long epiproct extension ) 石蛃目Archaeognatha 缨尾目Thysanura 如何区分原生与后生无翅？ 原生无翅的昆虫，胸部没有侧板pleuron，所以没有侧沟pleural sulcus。 后生无翅的昆虫祖先有翅，所以侧板发达，有侧沟。翅虽然后来退化了，但侧板还在，侧沟明显。 IV. Archaeognatha石蛃目 Archeao, ancient; gnatha, jaw Mandibles monocondylic； Compound eyes large, contiguous Abdominal segments 2-9 with paired styles； Cercus