Developmental Disorders 课件 资料 文献.pptVIP

Developmental Disorders Nature of Developmental Psychopathology: An OverviewNormal vs. Abnormal DevelopmentDevelopmental PsychopathologyStudy of how disorders arise and change with timeDisruption of early skills can affect later development Developmental DisordersDiagnosed first in infancy, childhood, or adolescenceAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Learning disordersAutismMental retardation Attention Deficit HyperactivityDisorder (ADHD): An Overview Nature of ADHDCentral features – Inattention, overactivity, and impulsivityAssociated with numerous impairmentsBehavioralCognitiveSocial and academic problemsDSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR Symptom TypesInattentive type Hyperactive typeImpulsive type Edward ADHD: Facts and Statistics PrevalenceOccurs in 6% of school-aged childrenSymptoms are usually present around age 3 or 468% of children with ADHD have problems as adultsGender Differences Boys outnumber girls 4 to 1Cultural Factors Probability of ADHD diagnosisGreatest in the United States ADHD: Sean The Causes of ADHD: Biological Contributions Genetic ContributionsADHD seems to run in familiesDRD4, DAT1, and DRD5 genes have been implicatedNeurobiological ContributionsSmaller brain volumeInactivity of the frontal cortex and basal gangliaAbnormal frontal lobe development and functioningPrecise neurobiological mechanisms remain unclearThe Role of ToxinsNo evidence that allergens and food additives are causesMaternal smoking increases risk The Causes of ADHD: Psychosocial ContributionsPsychosocial FactorsCan influence the nature of ADHDADHD children are often viewed negatively by othersConstant negative feedback from peers and adultsPeer rejection and resulting social isolationSuch factors foster low self-esteem Biological Treatment of ADHDGoal of Biological TreatmentsTo reduce impulsivity and hyperactivityTo improve attentionStimulant MedicationsReduce core symptoms in 70% of casesExamples include Ritalin, DexedrineOther Medications With More Limited EfficacyImi