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insight feature Actions from thoughts Miguel A. L. Nicolelis Real-time direct interfaces between the brain and electronic and mechanical devices could one day be used to restore sensory and motor functions lost through injury or disease. Hybrid brain–machine interfaces also have the potential to enhance our perceptual, motor and cognitive capabilities by revolutionizing the way we use computers and interact with remote environments. After a clever throw in by Tostão, a simple flick of Rivelino’s magic left foot was enough to send artificially generated electrical signals to the ball soaring into the thin air of the Azteca stadium in Mexico City. As the immaculate white stimulate brain tissue in order to transmit object flew towards the middle of the penalty box on that hot afternoon, the colourful crowd that some particular type of sensory information packed the stands slowly rose in anticipation. They roared, already celebrating, because they or to mimic a particular neurological func- had seen that scene a thousand times before: the same graceful black man, dressed in blue shorts tion. The classic example of this application is and a yellow jersey with the green 10 sewn in the back, defying logic, making fun of physics. The an auditory prosthesis. Future applications early celebration was warranted. As expected, Pelé floated above all Italian defenders to aimed at restoring other sensory functions, encounter the ball in mid air, and, with a gentle kiss of a forehead, changed its trajectory towards such as vision, by microstimulation of specif- the net. Brazil had scored the first of its four goals in the final game of the 1970 World Cup and a ic brain areas would also belong to this group.