太原理工大学离散数学课件 第2章 谓词逻辑.pdfVIP

太原理工大学 《离散数学》 第二章 谓词逻辑 Is the following argument valid? All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. • Can’t be represented in propositional logic. • Need a language that talks about objects, their properties, and their relations. • Later we’ll see how to draw inferences. 1 n When dealing with such an argument, we need a new logic, first order predicate calculus (一阶谓词 演算), to study the inner structure of sentences. n In predicate logic we break up sentences into parts and symbolize a sentence so that the information needed for reasoning is characterized in some way. n A natural start point is to introduce two new features, predicates (谓词) and quantifiers(量词), to cope with the deficiencies of propositional logic. 2 2.1 Predicates and Quantifiers 3 WORD AND EXPRESSIONS • predicate 谓词 • quantifier 量词 • propositional function 命题函数 • universe of discourse 论域 • universal quantifier 全称量词 • counterexample 反例 • existential quantifier 存在量词 2.1 Predicates and Quantifiers n The statement “x is greater than 5” has two parts: the variable x is the subject of the statement, and “is greater than 5”is the predicate which refers to a property that the subject of the statement can have. n Let P(x) represent “x is greater than 5”, then P denotes the predicate “is greater than 5”, and x is the variable.