马克·凯什岚斯基-西方文明史（第五版）第三章 The Roman Period.pptxVIP

CHAPTER 3THE ROMAN PERIODI. The western mediterranean to 509 b.c.e. II. From city to empire, 509-146 b.c.e.III. Republican civilization Iv. Imperial rome, 146 b.c.e. –192 c.e.v. The Augustan Age and the Pax of Romana I. western mediterranean to 509 b.c.e. Carthage: the merchants of BaalItaly’s first civilizationEtruscans dominance Rome wasn’t built in a day. western MediterraneanCivilization came late to the western Mediterranean, carried in the ships of Greeks and Phoenicians. While the great flood- plain civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt and the Greek communities of the eastern Mediterranean were developing sophisticated systems of urban life and political organization, western Europe and Africa knew only the scattered villages of simple farmers and pastoralists. These populations, such as the Ligurians of northern Italy, were the descendants of Neolithic peoples only remotely touched by the developments in the East. Italy’s first civilization: Etruscan civilizationThe?Etruscans?formed the most powerful nation in pre-Roman Italy. They created the first great civilization on the peninsula, whose influence on the Romans as well as on present-day?culture is increasingly recognized. Evidence suggests that it was the Etruscans who taught the Romans the alphabet and numerals, along with many elements of architecture, art, religion, and dress.? The chronology of Etruscan?history?and civilizationEtruscan frieze; in the National Archaeological Museum, Siena, Italy. ? Timur Kulgarin/S The chronology of Etruscan civilizationArchaeological evidence from the better-known civilizations of Greece and Rome as well as from those of?Egypt?and the?Middle East. Contact with Greece began around the time that the first Greek colony in Italy was founded (c.?775–750?BCE), when Greeks from the island of?Euboea?settled at Pithekoussai in the?Bay of Naples. Thereafter, numerous Greek and Middle Eastern objects were imported into Etruria, and these items, together with Etruscan?ar