马克·凯什岚斯基-西方文明史（第五版）第十二章 Europe and the world 1870-1914.pptxVIP

CHAPTER 12Europe and the world, 1870-1914EUROPEAN ECONOMY AND THE POLITICS OF MASS SOCIETYTHE WEST AND THE WIDER WORLDTHE EUROPEAN BALANCE OF POWER, 1870-1914THE NEW IMPERIALISMEUROPEAN-DOMINATED WORLD i. EUROPEAN ECONOMY AND THE POLITICS OF MASS SOCIETYBoom and bustCartelsTrade unionsParliamentary reformsWomen’s rights and social reformMovements for the voteThe Jewish question and zionism: anti-Semitism Europe economyBetween 1871 and 1914 the scale of European life was radically altered. Industrial society had promoted largeness as the norm, as growing numbers of people worked under the same roof. Large-scale heavy industries fueled by new energy sources dominated the economic landscape. Great Britain, the leader of the first phase of the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century, slipped in prominence as an industrial power at the end of the nineteenth century, as Germany and the United States devised successful competitive strategies of investment, protection, and control.Throughout Europe, nation-states protected domestic industries by erecting tariff barriers against foreign goods. Only Great Britain among the major powers stood by a policy of free trade. Europe was split into two tiers—the haves and have-nots: those countries with a solid industrial core and those that had remained unindustrialized. This division had a geographic character, the north and west of Europe being heavily developed and capitalized and the southern and eastern parts of Europe remaining heavily agricultural. For both the haves and have-nots, tariff policies were an attractive form of regulation by the state to protect established industries and to nurture industries that were struggling for existence. Parliamentary Reforms. The existence of the new Labour party pressured Conservatives and Liberals to develop more enlightened social programs. After 1906, under threat of losing votes to the Labour party, the Liberal party heeded the pressures for reform. The “new” Liberals suppo