Part 2 整理版完整版.ppt

2. Deixis Reference 指示和指称 Edited by Miss Huang Sept 12, 2015 2.1 Definition of deixis In our textbook, on P11 ( Line 6-7) Deixis (指示): The pointing, picking out or indicating function of language. Deictic expression (指示语) ……指在语境中才能确定其所指对象或所指信息的词语或结构。英语名叫deixis / indexical / indexical expression（何自然）（或我们课本中所说的deictic expression） Deixis is the function of grammatical as well as lexical means relating a piece of language to its context in terms of its users, the time and place of its occurrence, and the people and objects it refers to. … Typical examples are pronouns, demonstratives, time and place adverbs, and some grammatical categories such as tense. （姜望琪） Five Types of Deixis Person deixis (人称指示) Spatial deixis (空间指示) Temporal deixis (时间指示) Discourse deixis (语篇指示) Social deixis (社交指示) Person deixis (I and you) Spatial deixis (here and there) Temporal deixis (now and then) Discourse deixis (pointing at earlier, simultaneous or following discourse, moreover) 5.Social deixis (the encoding of social distinctions that are relative to both the speaker and the hearer, 您) 语用学研究语境条件下的语言使用与理解，而指示语可通过语言结构直接反映语言与语境之间的关系，尤其是语言使用与理解的语境依赖性。（何自然） e.g. 昨天我们去公园玩了，今天我们呆在家里。 昨天，我们沥血奋战；今天，我们唱响胜利凯歌。 Properties In our textbook, on P12 ( in the middle) Deixis is generally but not invariably assumed to be organized in an egocentric way. i.e. Deixis is characterized by egocentricity.自我中心特性 在面对面交谈中，指示系统，一般地说，是以自我（说话人）为中心组织起来的。（索振羽） Deictic centre (指示中心) In our textbook, on P12 in the middle (i) the central person 中心人物：说话人 (ii) the central time 中心时间：说话人说话的时间 (iii) the central place 中心地点：说话人说话时所处地点 (iv) the discourse centre 语篇中心：说话人当时正说到的部位 (v) the social centre 社交中心：说话人相对于说话对象的社会地位 In our textbook, on P12 In English as well as in other languages, there is a basic distinction between deictic expressions, proximal (远指) (i.e. near speaker) versus distal (近指) (i.e. away from speaker). In English, the proximal terms are this, here, now, etc; the distal terms are that, there, then, etc. B