如何理解性状演化完整版.pptxVIP

如何理解性状演化？ 123456Contents什么是性状？性状的类型性状与自然分类系统的关系如何利用性状进行系统发育研究？性状和对类群演化速率的影响? 讨论 Key points?性状的本质?性状对比的原则?性状在系统学中分析的基本方法 ?分支树的意义Most important thing: 批判性 1. 什么是性状?定义：性状 (character/trait): 生物的形态结构，生理特征，行为 习惯等具有的各种特征。性状的划分与分类的目标密切相关性状是无穷无尽的……………….. 2. 性状的类型? 性状的划分方式–用途和功能性： ---------------人为分类系统–形态，生理等的总体相似性：-----自然分类系统 根据性状的来源：? 宏观性状微观性状生理生化性状分子性状………. 2 性状的类型---性状的来源性状的范畴： ?宏观：重要形态特征????花果叶片茎….. 2. 性状的类型—性状来源 ? 微观? 比较形态解剖学 ? 细胞学? 分子序列：? DNA，? RNA，? 蛋白质? 代谢产物….? 生理特征? 行为? …… 2 性状的类型---性状的状态? 质量性状 vs. 数量性状：– e.g. present vs. absent (disjunction between datasets); – e.g. a variation range.– 如何对性状进行描述？！? 单态性状 vs. 多态性状– e.g. Glandular trichome vs. no-glandular trichome; – e.g. petal colour: white vs. red vs. purple……… 2 性状的类型---性状的状态质量性状 (qualitative trait)表现型和基因型的变异不连续 (discontinuous)； ?在杂交后代的分离群体中可采用经典遗传学分析方法； 2 性状的类型---性状的状态数量性状 quantitative trait 表现型变异是连续(continuous)果实大小，叶片长度，植株的生育期，产量高低。。。。。– 表现型变异分析?推断群体的遗传变异?借助数量统计的分析方法?分析数量性状的遗传规律划分：?严格连续变异 (continuous variation)?准连续变异 (Quasi continuous variation)注：有的性状有质量亦有数量性状的特点： 质量—数量性状 From Mendel to Molecules……… What does the “R” allele do?How does the SBEI protein lead to round seeds? ? It gives rise to highly branched starch(amylopectin).Highly branched starch in the seeds leads to seeds with low water content. When the seeds dry, they stay round. What does the “R” allele represent?3500Nucleotides What does the “r” allele do?How does the altered SBE1 protein lead to wrinkled seeds?? It gives rise to unbranched starch only (amylose).Unbranched starch in the seeds leads to seeds with high water content. They are sweet, but when the seeds dry, they wrinkle. Theoriginal3550nucleotides plusanadditional800nucleotidesWhat does the “r” allele represent? The R allele and the r Allele:R allele genetic coder allele genetic code800 bp fragment of DNA inserted 2 性状的类型---性状的本质Phenotype = Genome type + Enviromental factorsThe phenotype of an organism is determined by the genes, the environment and stochastic developmental events.Question