L02-EarthMaterials-3课件(最新整理版).pptxVIP

Chapter Three Earth Materials and Processes Geologic cycle Minerals Rocks Water Wind and Ice Earth Materials and Processes Fig 3.1 Geological cycle is composed of subcycles. Minerals are a naturally occurring, solid, crystalline substance with chemical and physical properties such as density and hardness. Minerals are the fundamental units from which most rocks are made. 2000 75% by weight of crust: O Si 95% of crust: silicate Most important rock-forming minerals: quartz, feldspar, ferromagnesian Minerals Rocks are solid aggregates(集合体, 聚集体) of one or more minerals The rock cycle is the largest of the earth cycles Tectonic cycle energy Geochemical cycle material Hydrologic cycle water 3 rock families Igneous (火成)黑云母 Metamorphic (变质) 斜长石 Sedimentary Rocks 橄榄石 镁铁硅酸盐 辉石 沉积 长英硅酸盐 花岗岩 The rock cycle •Strength： • The compressive, shear or tensile stress necessary to break a sample •Safety Factor • To ensure that a rock will perform as expected • The rock is loaded only to a fraction of its assumed strength Strength of Rocks Force per unit area that develops within rocks to resist external forces 挤压力 剪切力 张力 Rock strength is highly variable. Many Factors: rock type texture chemical composition internal structures presence or absence of fluids Most rocks already fractured by joints and faults. Fractured rocks are only as strong as whatever is holding the rock together (gravity or friction). fracture along planes of weakness fracture along bedding planes or along foliation planes Strength of Rocks • The strength of rocks is greatly affected by the frequency and orientation of fractures, joints, and shear zones. • When large structures are planned, shear zones and fracture system in rocks must be considered. Some common rocks, shales for example, may share the sa