(1.5.5)--2.5 Thermal Effects, Misfits, an材料力学材料力学.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Axially Loaded Members Mechanics of MaterialsThermal Effects, Misfits, and Prestrains Welcome to mechanics of materials. In the previous studies, stresses and strains in a structure were discussed induced by only external loads. However, external loads are not the only sources of stresses and strains. Other sources include thermal effects arising from temperature changes, misfits resulting from imperfections in construction, and prestrains that are produced by initial deformations. Thermal effects, misfits, and prestrains are commonly found in both mechanical and structural systems and they are much more important in the design of statically indeterminate structures.We are going to discuss them in this section. Thermal Effects- Changes in temperature produce expansion or contraction of structural materials,resulting in thermal strains and thermal stresses.α - the coefficient of thermal expansionExpansion is positive and contraction is negative.Thermal strain:Units of α : 1/K, 1/℃Sign convention for εT:Temperature-displacement relation Thermal effects, refer to the *changes in temperature produce expansion or contraction of structural materials, which will induce thermal strains and thermal stresses in structures.This * is a simple illustration of thermal expansion. When the block is heated, the dimensions of the block increase, because every element of the material undergoes thermal strains in all directions. For most structural materials, thermal strain εT is proportional to the temperature change ΔT ; that is*. In which, α is a property of the material called* the coefficient of thermal expansion.the dimensions of α can be expressed* as either the reciprocal of kelvins or the reciprocal of degrees Celsius.And, the sign convention* for thermal strains, normally assume that expansion is positive and contraction is negative.Assume that the material is homogeneous and isotropic and that the temperature increase ΔTis uniform throughout the block,