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JointFAO/WHO/WOAHpreliminaryassessmentofrecentinfluenzaA(H5N1)viruses

23April2024

Background

During2020,highlypathogenicavianinfluenza(HPAI)A(H5N1)cladebvirusesarosefrom

previouslycirculatinginfluenzaA(H5Nx)virusesandspreadpredominantlyviamigratorybirdsto

manypartsofAfrica,AsiaandEurope.Theepizootichasledtounprecedentednumbersofdeathsinwildbirdsandcausedoutbreaksindomesticpoultry.Inlate2021,thesevirusescrossedtoNorth

AmericaandsubsequentlySouthAmericainOctober2022.Additionally,globally,therehavebeen

increaseddetectionsofA(H5N1)virusesinnon-avianspeciesincludingwildanddomestic(includingcompanionandfarmed)terrestrialandmarinemammalsand,morerecentlyingoatsanddairycattleintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Themajority,withsomeregionalexceptions,oftheHPAIA(H5N1)

virusescharacterizedgeneticallysince2020belongtothebclade.Sincethebeginningof

2021,28detectionsofA(H5N1)inhumanshavebeenreportedtoWHO,includingacasewhohad

exposuretodairycattlepresumedtobeinfectedwithA(H5N1)virus.Ofthesehumancases,wherethehaemagglutinin(HA)H5cladeisknown,13havebeencausedbycladebviruses.ThisjointFAO/WHO/WOAHriskassessmentfocusesonA(H5N1)virusescharacterizedsince2021andassessesthepublichealthriskaswellastheriskofthevirusspreadamonganimals.

Infectionsinanimals

AvianinfluenzaA(H5N1)viruses,especiallythoseofcladeb,continuetodiversifygeneticallyandspreadgeographically.Since2022,abroaderrangeofwildbirdspecieshasbeeninfected

globallywhichhashaddeleteriousecologicalconsequencesandcausedmassdie-offsinsome

species.Thesituationwithwildmammalsisalsoworrying,withsomespeciessufferingsignificantmortalityevents.

Additionally,ongoingcirculationinwildandmigratorybirdsandpoultryhasledtomultipleseparateincursionsintowildcarnivorousand