微生物学微生物学 (37).docVIP

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Inthefirstclass,let’stalkaboutwhatisMicrobiology.

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Microbiologyisthestudyofalllivingorganismsthataretoosmalltobevisiblewiththenakedeye.Thisincludesbacteria,archaea,fungi,protists,viruses,virods,satelliteds,prions,andsoon,allthesecollectivelyknownasmicrobes.

P3Microbeshavesignificantcharacteristics.

Theyaresmall,generally1millimeterorlessindiameter.

Lookatthispicture,Itisbacillussubtilis,akindofbacteria.Thecellswereobservedbyopticalmicroscope.Weoftenusemicrometertomeasurethem.

ThispictureshowsTMV,akindofplantvirus.Wecanonlyoberervethemby

electronMicroscope,andusenanometreastheunittomeasurethem.

Althoughsmallsizeisanimportantcharacteristicofmicrobes,itisnotsufficienttodefinethem.

Somecellularmicrobes,suchasbreadmoldsandfilamentousphotosyntheticmicrobes,likealgaeinthispicture,areactuallyvisiblewithoutmicroscopes.

Thesemacroscopicmicrobesareoftencolonial,consistingofsmallaggregationsofcells.

Microbeshavesimpleconstructions.

Mostofthebacteria,protozoa,andfungiaresingle-celledmicroorganisms,

andeventhemulticellularmicrobesdonothaveagreatrangeofcelltypes.Notissueslikeplantsandanimals.

Therearealsoacellularmicrobes,suchasviruses.Theyarenotevencells,justgeneticmaterialsurroundedbyaproteincoatandincapableofindependentexistence.

WealsocallthemMolecularorganisms.

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开始分类

exceptforvirusesandotheracellularinfectiousagents,

cellularorganismsaredividedintothreedomains:Bacteria,Archaea,andEukarya.

InthedomainofEukarya,besidesmicroorganisms,thereareanimalsandplants.

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Bacteria

Bacteriaareabundantinsoil,water,andair,includingsitesthathaveextremetemperatures,pH,orsalinity.

Bacteriaarealsomajorinhabitantsofourskin,mouth,andintestines.Indeed,moremicrobialcellsarefoundinando