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Section10 GeographicalInformationScience:APerspectiveof1998
THEORIGINOFGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSCIENCE
GeographicalInformationScience,as thenameimplies,isthesciencedealingwithgeographical information. It emphasizes more on the scientific aspects of geographicalinformation rather than its technological implementation, which has been the focus ofgeographicalinformationsystems.Thetermgeographicalinformationscienceismuchnewerthangeographicalinformationsystems.ThelatterwasfirstintroducedbyTomlinson(1967)30yearagowhiletheformerseemsfirstappearedinanarticlebyGoodchild(1990)forlessthan10years.Therefore,itisreallyaproblemtodeterminewhereshouldbethestartingpointinanattempttoprovideaperspectiveofgeographicalinformationscience.
Theremustbedifferentviewsregardingthehistoryofgeographicalinformationscience.
Somemayconsideritasamorerecentdevelopmentwhilethegeographicalinformationsystemsasatechnologybecomesmaturedandresearchisemphasizedonitsscientificcomponents.ThisisevidencedbythechangeofnameforthethenonlyacademicjournalinthefieldfromInternationalJournalofGeographicalInformationsystemstoInternationalJournalofGeographicalInformationScience.Itisalsoevidencedbythepropernameofthisjournalwhenitwasestablishedin1995.
However,someresearchersconsidertherelationshipotherwise. Forexample,Openshaw(1987)consideredgeographicalinformationsystemasthe“20thcenturytechnologybeingusedfor19thcenturypurposes”.Itmeansthatthescientificfoundationofmanyapplicationsby geographicalinformationsystemswasalreadylaideveninthe19thcentury.Indeed,principlesofsomeoperationssuchasoverlayhaveexistedforalongtime.Inthissense,geographicalinformationsciencecouldbeasoldasotherscientificdisciplines, sincegeographicalinformationcoversanenormousrange“includingthedistr
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