免疫学第一章 绪论课件.pptVIP

01免疫学第一章1717 England:LadyMaryMontagu“Thesmallpox,sofatal,sogeneralThesmallpox,sofatal,sogeneralamongstus,isentirelyharmlessherebytheinventionofingrafting….IampatriotenoughtobringthisinventionintofashioninEngland.1796:JennerOccupationalexposuretocowpoxpreventssmallpox--VACCINATIONNothingknownofmicroorganismsEdwardJenner1749-1822SuccessfulvaccinationagainstsmallpoxEdwardJenner与牛痘苗（EdwardJennerandthecowpoxvaccine）Jenner种牛痘图Thelastknownpersonintheworldtohavesmallpoxofanykind.Variolaminorin23-year-oldAliMaowMaalin,Merka,SomaliaThelastcaseofnaturalsmallpoxinU.K.occurredinthe1930s;thelastinU.S.A.wasinthe1940s.ThelastnaturalcaseintheworldwasinSomaliaandoccurredinOctober1977.Jenner与天花的绝迹多种病原菌被发现；“病原菌致病”概念的提出；疫苗的发明；细胞吞噬作用的发现（细胞免疫）；免疫血清具有抵御病原菌的作用（体液免疫）；免疫化学研究取得重大进展；初步认识多种免疫学现象的本质。2．免疫学的兴盛期（19世纪中叶-20世纪中叶）Ⅰ.1890’s:PasteurAnti-choleraandrabiesvaccinesLouisPasteur1822-1895,Fatherofimmunology,attenuatedbacteriaandvirusesasvaccineagainstanthrax…..LouisPasteurFowlcholera1879Pasteurellamultocida狂犬病疫苗炭疽病疫苗vaccineFIGURE1-1WoodengravingofLouisPasteurwatchingJosephMeisterreceivetherabiesvaccine.[FromHarper’sWeekly29:836;courtesyoftheNationalLibraryofMedicine.]InfectiousdiseasecausedbymicroorganismsSpecificpathogenscausespecificdiseaseRobertKoch1843-1910,NobelPrizein1905forhisworkontuberculosis,Anthrax,Cholera,TuberculebacillusⅡ.Late1800’s:KochBloodSmearⅢ.ElieMetchnikoff与吞噬细胞（ElieMetchnikoffandphagocytes）ElieMetchnikoff1883-PhagocytosisⅣ.Behring与抗毒素(antitoxin1890年，德国学者EvonBehring和日本学者北里（SKitasato）在Koch研究所应用白喉外毒素给动物免疫，发现在其血清中有一种能中和外毒素的物质，称为抗毒素。将这种免疫血清转移给正常动物也有中和外毒素的作用。这种被动免疫法很快应用于临床治疗。Behring于1891年应用来自动物的免疫血清成功治疗了一个白喉患者，这是第一个被动免疫治疗的病例。为此，他于1901年获得了诺贝尔医学奖。

EvonBehring与SKitasato免疫马制抗血清1890:vonBehring