统计学基础概念：总体、样本、抽样误差与参数.pdfVIP

1-Population:-Apopulationisacollection,orset,ofindividuals,objects,ormeasurements

aboutwhomwewishtomakeinferences.Itisnotlimitedonlytoacollectionofpeople.Itisvery

large.Ex.-Thesetof“alldiaicmaoverage50”isanexampleofawell-definedpopulation.

2-Sample:-Asampleisasubsetofpopulation.Theresultofthesamplewillbeusedtoinfer

generalizationofthepopulation.

3-Thesamplingerror:-Differenceweenstatisticsandparameter.Writeformula.different

frompopulationmean,differentfromeachother.Itisrelatedtothevariationofthepopulation.

Samplingerrorisalsorelatedtosamplesize.Ifsamplesize=populationsizethereisno

samplingerror!Ifsamplesize=1Samplingerror~variationofpopulation!

4-Parameter:-Aparameterisasummarydescriptivecharacteristicofapopulationof

observations.Theaverageweightofalldiaicsoverage50isanillustrationofaparameter.A

parameteristypicallysymbolizedbyaGreekletter.

Ex.-μ-Themean(oraverage)ofapopulation,σ2-Thevarianceofapopulationetc….

5-Statistics:-Thefieldofstatisticsisbroadlydefinedasthemethodsandproceduresfor

collecting,classifying,summarizing,andanalyzingdata,andutilizingthedatatotestscientific

hypotheses.ThetermstatisticsisderivedfromtheLatinforstate,andoriginallyreferredto

informationheredinvariouscensusesthatcouldbenumericallysummarizedtodescribe

aspectsofthestate,e.g.,bushelsofwheatperyear,numberofmilitaryagemen,etc.

OR

-Astatisticisasummarydescriptivecharacteristicofasampleobservations.Theaveragevalue

ofthedatasetwouldbeanexampleofastatistic.Asamplestatisticistypicallyusedto

estimate(orinferinformationabout)acorrespondingpopulati