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【Chapter7】
1. WhatmakesShakespeareparticularlydifficulttoread,oldformofspeling,oldwaysofpronunciationorchangeofwordmeaning?
Shakespeareismoredifficulttounderstandthanmorerecentwritingsbecausemanyofhiswordswereusedindifferentsensesfromwhattheyhavenowincontemporarydictionaries.Inotherwords,itisthechangeofwordmeaningthatmakesShakespearedifficulttounderstand.
2. Whatarthecausesofmeaningchange?Illustrateyourpoint.
Changesinmeaningarecausedbybothextra-linguisticfactorsandlinguisticfactors.Extra-linguisticfactorsincludehistorical,class,andpsychologicalreasons.Historically,thelanguagereflectsthechangesinthehumanperceptionoftheobjectiveworld.Forexample,atomoriginallymeant“indivisableparticle”,nowmanhasdiscoveredmanymuchsmallerparticles,andthemeaningofatomhaschangedto“devisable”.Anotherexampleisthesunwhichformerlymeant“aplanetgoingroundtheearth”,nowmanhasprovedthattheoppositeistrue.Secondly,themeaningofwordsisaffectedbytheusers.Usually,peopleassigntheirsubjectiveattitudetothewordsdenotingthereferents.Forexample,wordslikehussy,villain,originallyworkingpeople,becamenegativebecausethe“nobility”thoughtofthemassuch.Thirdly,manywordschangedtheirmeaningstomeetthepsychologicalneeds.Forexample,policemanhasmanynegativenicknamessuchaspig,smokybear,becausecriminalsandthelikeusesuchwordstoshowtheirhatred.
Internally,wordschangetheirmeaningsresultingfromshortening,asprivatefor“privatesoldier”,gasfor“coalgas”etc.;fromborrowing,asdeerfor鹿andhoundfor猎犬,becauseofredivisionofmeaningwhenanimalanddogwereborrowed,etc.
3. Whatisthemechanismunderlyingthesemanticchangeinlexes?
Thesemanticchangeofawordisconnectedwiththeword’sassociativefield.Anychangeofthewordinmeaningmayberelatedtoawordorwordswithinth
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