专题08 说明文阅读-（学生版） .docxVIP

专题08说明文阅读

（一）

（2025·安徽蚌埠市·一模）

C

Atonepointoranother,you’veprobablyheardsomeonespeakwithconfidenceonatopicthattheyactuallyknowalmostnothingabout.PsychologistshavestudiedthistopicandsuggestedasomewhatsurprisingexplanationknownastheDunning-Krugereffect.

Inasetofstudiestestingthiseffect,researchersJustinKrugerandDavidDumingaskedparticipantstocompletetestsoftheirskillsinaparticulardomain(suchashumororlogicalreasoning).Then,participantswereaskedtoguesshowwelltheyhaddoneonthetest.Theyfoundthatparticipantshadthetendencytooverestimatetheirabilities,andthiseffectwasmostpronouncedamongparticipantswiththelowestscoresonthetest.

Whydoesithappen?Inaninterview,DavidDunningexplainsthat“theknowledgeandintelligencethatarerequiredtobegoodatataskareoftenthesamequalitiesneededtorecognizethatoneisnotgoodatthattask.”Inotherwords,ifsomeoneknowsverylittleaboutaparticulartopic,theymaynotevenknowenoughaboutthetopictorealizethattheirknowledgeislimited.

Importantlysomeonemaybehighlyskilledinonearea,butbesusceptibletotheDunning-Krugereffectinanotherdomain.ThismeansthateveryonecanpotentiallybeaffectedbytheDunning-Krugereffect.Dunningexplainsinanarticlethat“Youmaythinkthisdoesn’tapplytoyou.Buttheproblemofunrecognizedignoranceisonethatvisitsusall.”

WhatcanpeopledotoovercometheDunning-Krugereffect?Theresearchersfoundthattrainingmadeadifference.Aftercompletingashorttrainingsessiononlogicalreasoning,theparticipantswhoscoredinthebottom25percentloweredtheirestimateofhowwelltheythoughttheyhaddoneontheprevioustest.Inotherwords,onewaytoovercometheDunning-Krugereffectmaybetolearnmoreaboutatopic.

However,whenlearningmoreaboutatopic,it’simportanttomakesurethatweavoidconfirmationbias(偏差),wh