清华大学机械工程课程PPTCH6-SME-EngMater.pptVIP

Microstructure:themicroscopic-scale(?m-mm)structureofmaterialsthatcanbeobservedunderopticalandelectronmicroscopes.Chapter6–PhaseDiagramsEquilibriumMicrostructuralDevelopmentWhatmicrostructurescouldexistatagiventemperatureforagivenmaterialcomposition?

6.1Introduction?Phase:Aregioninamaterialthatdiffersinstructureand/orcompositionfromotherregions.Phases:puremetalsandnonmetals,solidsolutions,andcompounds.Materials:single-phasematerials,multiphasematerials.?Alloyandcomponents:Analloyisamixtureoftwoormoremetalsorofametal(ormetals)andanonmetal(ornonmetals).Components:theelementsorcompoundswhicharepresentinthemixture.Binaryalloysystem:A+B,e.g.,Cu-Ni,Pb-Sn,Fe-C,Al-Si.Ternaryalloysystem:A+B+C,e.g.,Fe-Cr-Ni.whereB,C,andDarealloyingelements.

?Phasetransformationorphasechange:phaseA?phaseB;phaseA?phaseB+phaseC;phaseA+phaseB?phaseC;……6.1Introduction?Microstructure:composedofoneormorephases.Underopticaland/orelectronmicroscopes,microstructurecanbecharacterizedbythenumberofphasespresent,theirproportions(fractions),andthemannerinwhichtheyaredistributedorarranged.Microstructureofcommerciallypureiron:ferrite(F).Microstructureofeutectoidsteel(Fe-0.76wt%C):pearlite(ferriteF+cementiteFe3C).

6.1Introduction?Phaseequilibrium:morethanonephasemayexistinasystemandenablethefreeenergyofthesystemtobeminimum.whereP=thenumberofphasesthatcoexistinasystem;F=thenumberofdegreesoffreedom,orthenumberofexternallycontrolledvariables(e.g.,temperature,pressure,composition)whichcanbechangedindependentlywithoutchangingthestateofthephaseorphasesinequilibriuminthechosensystem;