深圳大学学科英语output_hypothesis.pptVIP

OutputHypothesis

ComprehensibleoutputInthefieldofSecondLanguageAcquisition,therearemanytheoriesaboutthemosteffectivewayforlanguagelearnerstoacquirenewlanguageforms.OnetheoryoflanguageacquisitionistheComprehensibleOutputHypothesis.

DevelopedbyMerrillSwain,theComprehensibleOutput(CO)HypothesisstatesthatlearningtakesplacewhenencounteringagapinthelinguisticknowledgeoftheL2.Bynoticingthisgapthelearnerbecomesawareofitandmightbeabletomodifyhisoutputsothathelearnssomethingnewaboutthelanguage[1]AlthoughSwaindoesnotclaimthatcomprehensibleoutputissolelyresponsibleforallorevenmostlanguageacquisition,shedoesclaimthatundersomeconditions,COfacilitatessecondlanguagelearninginwaysthatdifferfromandenhanceinputduetothementalprocessesconnectedwiththeproductionoflanguage.[2]

她认为语言输入是必要的，但并不是实现语言学习的充分条件；要使学习者达到较高的外语水平，仅靠可理解输入是不够的，还需要可理解输出；学生需要被逼着（pushed）充分利用现有语言资源，需要对将要输出的语言进行思考，使它更恰当、更准确、更容易理解.只有这样语言学习才能从语义加工（semanticprocessing）过渡到句法加工过程（syntacticprocessing）。

Swaindefinesthreefunctionsofoutput:1.Noticingfunction:Learnersencountergapsbetweenwhattheywanttosayandwhattheyareabletosayandsotheynoticewhattheydonotknoworonlyknowpar-tiallyinthislanguage.2.Hypothesis-testingfunction:Whenlearnerssaysomethingthereisalwaysahypothesisunderlyinge.g.aboutgrammar.Byutteringsomething,thelearnerstestthishypothesisandreceivefeedbackfromaninterlocutor.Thisfeedbackenablesthem,ifnecessary,toreprocesstheirhypothesis.3.Metalinguisticfunction:Learnersreflectaboutthelanguagetheylearnandherebytheoutputenablesthemtocontrolandinternalizelinguisticknowledge.[3]Achieveaccuracy.

criticismsStephenKrashen--outputisrare,andcomprehensibleoutputisevenrarer.Evenwhenthelanguageacquirerdoesspeak,theyrarelymakethetypesofadjustmentsthattheCOhypothesisclaim