创新活动和产业结构外文翻译.docVIP

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 一、外文原文 Innovative Activity and Industrial Structure A dramatic slowdown of productivity growth in many countries has been the subject of considerable discussion in literature. Among the potential factors of this decline, a prominent role has been given to innovative activity. For too long, economists have taken technical change as exogenously determined. Productivity change and economic growth are related in various ways. Productivity is spurred by innovations, whereas innovations have to be seen as endogenously chosen by creative firms on the basis of current or expected market structure, factor costs and market demand (and hence economic growth). Furthermore, industrial structure is changing due to innovative activity: Business firms innovate in order to grow. The phenomenon under study can be fully understood only by exploring a more complex dynamic process, the process of industry evolution. It was Schumpeter (1942) who must be granted credit for bringing these connections to light. His ideas have attracted increasing interest in recent years and an excellent review of work on innovative activity is given by the contributions of Kamien Schwartz (1982), Nelson --Winter (1982) and Scherer (1980, 1984). As stressed by Nelson --Winter (1982) and Winter (1984), the process of industry evolution might be too complex to be fully analytically tractable. To provide a clear view of the underlying mechanisms, research has focused on simulation experiments of stylized industries or has concentrated on partial aspects of the entire process. However, both approaches are complements: A better understanding of each chain of Schumpeterian market dynamics improves the ability to better design the experiment. The experiment itself is essential to derive the more likely impacts on long-run market evolution. The paper investigates the partial approach, but gives emphasis to its part in market dynamics. The paper is concerned with the impact of firm size and market conce