工业革命外文翻译.docVIP

原 文： Industrial Revolution An industrial revolution is a fundamental economic change: Between 1770 and 1850 the economy of England changed from mostly agricultural to mostly industrial .this was the result not of one key invention but of technological progress in different fields coming together . its center is the development of factories (which hadnt really existed before this time), but they couldnt have developed without better transportation creating larger markets and better transportation couldnt have existed without the growth of the iron industry, which couldnt have grown without steam engines. society had a hard time adjusting to the new economic system . Causes of the British Industrial Revolution: expansion of trade, mercantile economic policy (see previous lecture) decline of: feudalism--farmers were no longer bound to the land guild system--the guild for a particular trade could no longer control who set up a new business the system of customary prices--the market is more free, instead of the old system where changing the price because of a shortage was seen as profiteering agricultural changes .enclosure =the abolishment of the old system of communal farming and its replacement with family farms. Supposedly everyone had the same share of land as before, but the smallest farmers didnt have enough to survive as an independent farm and they went out of business and went looking for work. Took place 16th century to about 1820. four field crop rotation--wheat, turnips, barley, clover or alfalfa (turnips and hay crops make it possible to keep more livestock) .new scientific approaches to farming (one of the pioneer scientific investigators of agriculture was an Englishman named Jethro Tull ) .average agricultural surplus per worker doubled from about 25% to about 50% .workers no longer needed in agriculture were available for industrial jobs (discussion) .Iron: by 1720 most iron in England was imported due to a shortage of charcoal for smelting .in 1709