定位，竞争和经济发展：全球经济下的地方产业集群外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in Global Economy Material Source: /scholar?q=industrial+cluster+and+foreign Author: Porter.Michael CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Clusters affect competition in three broad ways that both reflect and amplify the parts of the diamond: (a) increasing the current (static) productivity of constituent firms or industries, (b) increasing the capacity of cluster participants for innovation and productivity growth, and (c) stimulating new business formation that supports innovation and expands the cluster. Many cluster advantages rest on external economies or spillovers across firms, industries, and institutions of various sorts.(n10) Thus, a cluster is a system of interconnected firms and institutions whose whole is more than the sum of its parts. Each of the three broad influences of clusters on competition depends, to some extent, on personal relationships, face-to-face communication, and networks of individuals and institutions that interact. Although the existence of a cluster makes such relationships more likely to develop and become effective, they are far from automatic. Formal and informal organizing mechanisms and cultural norms often play a role in the functioning and development of clusters.(n11) Clusters and Productivity Scholars have sought to explain concentrations of firms in terms of economies of agglomeration.(n12) These normally have been seen to arise at either the industry level or for a diversified urban economy. Many treatments of agglomeration economies rest on cost minimization due to proximity to inputs or proximity to markets. These explanations, however, have been undercut by the globalization of markets, technology, and supply sources; easier mobility; and lower transportation and communication costs. Today, the nature of economies of agglomeration has shifted toward the cluster level and away from either narrower industries or urban ar