创业型大学的定义及特征外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Entrepreneurial university: definition and characteristics Material source: Science and Public Policy, 35(9), November 2008, pages 637–646 Author:Chunyan Zhou and Xumei Peng The entrepreneurial university, combining teaching, research and contributions to economic and social development, has been identified as the next stage in the evolution of the university (Etzkowitz, 2002). In the US, the path of university development has proceeded from teaching to research to entrepreneurial in an apparently linear sequence. However, it must be asked, especially for developing countries eager to speed the pace of both academic and economic development: is there a necessary sequence to achieving an entrepreneurial format? Must development of research capabilities precede entrepreneurial activities or can academic development proceed nonlinearly with entrepreneurship occurring simultaneously with the development of research or even prior to it? What is an entrepreneurial university and how can it be realized? Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Stanford University exemplified that it must: (1) be extrusive (very good) at high-tech entrepreneurship; (2) have a critical (quite strong) influence on the regional industry and economy. The entrepreneurial university is rooted in the evolution of university missions. The first academic revolution gave birth to the university research function and the ‘research university’. The emergence of a social service function and ‘entrepreneurial university’ is the second academic revolution. The universities not only produce and diffuse knowledge but also apply it to industrial practice, thus creating new high-tech industries. These knowledge applications also impel the formation of an entrepreneurial university. Such a university can spill its new technologies over into industry through connections with industries, such as consultancy, patent licensing and the formation of firms. In addition, s