应用化学专业英语lesson6.pptVIP

Unit 6 Polymers Polymers occur naturally in the form of proteins, cellulose (plants), starch (food) and natural rubber. Engineering polymers, however, are usually synthetic polymers. A polymer is a material whose molecules contain a very large number of atoms linked by covalent bonds, which makes polymers macromolecules. Polymers consist mainly of identical or similar units joined together. The unit forming the repetitive pattern is called a mer or monomer. One-dimensional Polymers One dimensional polymers are most common. They can occur whenever 2 reacting chains join to make a chain. Two-dimensional Polymers Two dimensional polymers are rare, the best example of one would be graphite. Crystalline Diamond is an example of the 3-dimensional crystalline polymer in which carbon is linked to four corners of the tetrahedra and these are packed with long range order in space to form a lattice. Three-dimensional Polymers These are linear, one-dimensional polymers which have strong intramolecular covalent bonds and weak intermolecular Van Der Waals bonds. At elevated temperature, it is easy to melt these bonds and have molecular chains readily slide past one another. Thermoplastic Polymers Thermosetting Polymers These are three-dimensional amorphous polymers which are highly crosslinked (strong, covalent intermolecular bonds) networks with no long-range order. Rubbers and Elastomers Fibers Liquid Crystals Thermosetting Polymers These are three-dimensional amorphous polymers which are highly crosslinked (strong, covalent intermolecular bonds) networks with no long-range order. Step Growth In step growth polymerization or condensation polymerization, chains of any length x and y combine to form long chains: x-mer + y-mer = (x + y)-mer Chain Growth Chain growth polymerization involves an active chain site which reacts with an unsaturated (or heterocyclic) monomer such that the active site is recovered at the chain end. There is a temperature, or r