板--文献翻译(土木工程).docVIP

The Slabs Concrete slabs are used mainly for the roofs and floors of buildings, for floors poured directly to the sub grade in buildings, or slabs on grades, for parking lots, air fields, roadways, and the like. In buildings these slabs may be supported by concrete beams, which are almost always cast monolithically with the slabs; by masonry or concrete walls; by structural steel members; directly by columns; or continuously by the ground. The supports of a slab may be so arranged that the structural action is principally one way, which means that the load is carried by the slab in the direction normal to the main supporting beams. When there are two-way slabs in bays, where the ratio of the span lengths never exceeds 2 to 1, then the slab carries the load to the beams in both directions. When the span ratio exceeds 2 to1, the entire load is considered to be carried by the slab acting as a beam in the short direction. Intermediate beams may be added in a bay, so that, although the slab is supported on four sides; there will still be one-way slab acting, because the resulting panels have span length ratios greater than 2 to 1. Slabs that are carried by columns alone without the aid of beams and girders, are called flat plates and are used where spans are not large and load less weight, as in apartment buildings. Flat-slab construction has no beams but does have the slab thickened over the columns and sometimes has the column flared at the top. These are referred to as drop panels and column capitals. These devices are used to reduce the stresses due to shear and negative bending around the columns. These slabs are of considerable depth, poured around inserts, to reduce the dead load; the result is a series of joists, at right angles to each other, giving a comparatively light, but very strong, floor. The inserts are usually omitted around the columns to achieve the drop panel effect. 1、Two-Way Slabs 1. 1 Behavior of Two-Way Slabs In one-way slabs, where the