分子生物学(中英对照有备注)4.pptVIP

* The trp repressor is actually a dimer of two proteins. Each protein has its own HTH motif. Tryptophan is clearly seen in this picture. trp阻遏蛋白实际上是两个蛋白的二聚体，两个蛋白各含有一个HTH基序。色氨基酸在这张图片里清晰可见。 * Let’s take a look at the 3D structure of trp repressor dimer binding to its target DNA. 我们来看一看trp阻遏蛋白二聚体结合到目标DNA上的3D结构图。 * Prokaryotes mainly have one HTH motif we have just discussed. Eukaryotes have many more kinds of DNA binding motifs. The typical DNA binding motifs in eukaryotes include 1) The homeodomain, 2) Zinc finger motif, 3) Leucine zipper, and 4) Helix-loop-helix motif. 原核生物主要有HTH这一种基序，真核生物中有更多种类的DNA结合基序。典型的真核生物DNA结合基序有四种：1）同源异型域，2）锌指基序，3）亮氨酸拉链，4）螺旋-环-螺旋基序。 * The homeodomain is a common motif in proteins involved in organismal development. The homeodomain contains three α helices connected by short peptide turns. Here, helix 1 and helix 2 together appear quite similar to the HTH motif of prokaryotes. Helix 1 makes specific contacts in the major groove. Helix 2 provides support. And helix 3 has a peptide extension that fits into the minor groove of the DNA. 同源异型域是与生物发育有关的蛋白质中一种常见的基序。同源异型域包含由短的肽链转角连接在一起的三个α螺旋。其中的两个螺旋在一起看起来与HTH基序非常相似，其中一个起支撑作用，另一个与DNA大沟发生特异性接触。同源异形域的第三个螺旋具有一个肽链延伸段，它正好适合深入到DNA的小沟中。 * Homeodomains are found in proteins coded by homeotic genes. Homeotic genes are responsible for developing the correct organs at correct positions. If there is a mutation in the homeotic gene, there may be very strange transformation of body parts. For example, in fruit fly, a mutation called antennapedia causes legs to grow on the head, where antennae [-teni:] would normally be. 同源异形域是在由同源异形基因编码的蛋白质中发现的。同源异形基因负责在正确的位置发育出正确的器官，如果同源异形基因发生突变，就有可能出现生物身体部件的畸形。例如，在果蝇中，一种称为触角足畸形的突变导致了足长到了头部上本来应该长触角的地方。 * 3D structure of homeodomain binding to its target DNA has also been available. 同源异形域与目标DNA结合的3D图也已得到。 * The second DNA-binding motif in eukaryotes is zinc fingers. In this motif, an α helix and an anti-parallel β strand are held together by a zinc ion. The structure is elon