8.1 Launch, Outbound Secondary, and Return Power.docVIP

8.1 Launch, Outbound Secondary, and Return Power Patrick Kennedy Nomenclature A = area, m CTV = crew transfer vehicle d = degradation factor dd = depth of discharge ERA = Earth return assembly ERV = Earth return vehicle Hab = habitation module M = mass, kg NTR = nuclear thermal rocket P = power, W RFC = regenerative fuel cell RTG = radioisotope thermoelectric generator t = time, s V = volume ( = efficiency ( = solar radiation flux, mW/cm2 8.1.1 Introduction Each phase of the PERForM mission from Earth launch until the landing on Mars requires power. In this chapter we discuss the power requirements during each phase and the power systems designed to meet those requirements. 8.1.2 Considerations For power generation, we consider solar arrays, radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG), regenerative fuel cells (RFC), and batteries, as well as the possibility of drawing power from the nuclear thermal rockets (NTR). Solar arrays are a proven technology and solar energy is available throughout the transit, but the required array is large. RTGs are another proven technology, however the quantity of plutonium fuel necessary to meet the required power levels poses significant availability concerns. Fuel cells are also proven in space flight, however the amount of fuel needed for primary fuel cells is prohibitive. This drives our consideration toward RFCs. They meet the power requirements, but require another power system for recharging. Batteries also meet the power requirements, but they are very massive. Since the NTRs are already being taken along during transit, drawing power from them is favorable. However, this is a new technology without demonstrated reliability on spacecraft. 8.1.3 Hab Launch/ERA Mars Landing Power The power system for launch and landing, if different from the primary power source during transit, will serve as a backup during transit. Because of this, a 20 kW design is required. This provides ample power during the launch and landing