面向对象的程序设计02.ppt

Object-Oriented Programming 计算机科学与技术学院 刘培强 liupq@126.com Chapter2 From C to C++ 2.1 Namespaces 名字空间 Namespaces - functions A namespace is a scope. C++ provides namespaces to prevent name conflicts. Namespaces - functions A namespace is a mechanism for expressing logical grouping. That is, if some declarations logically belong together to some criteria（准则）, they can be put in a common namespace to express that fact. That is, the namespace is the mechanism for supporting module programming paradigm（范型）. 同一 namespace 中的声明在概念上属于同一个逻辑实体。 Namespaces - functions Namespaces – scope resolution operator The scope resolution operator (域解析符):: occurs between the namespaces name and the variable. Namespaces – using declaration 由于各个 namespace 之间经常会出现互相使用对方成员的情况，如果一使用就要约束，既繁琐又容易出错。因此，C++提供了几种“有限的统一”约束的机制。 A using declaration（using声明） applies a single item in the namespace. Namespaces – using directive Using directive（using 指示）is equivalent to a using declaration for each item in a namespace. A using-directive makes names from a namespace available almost as if they had been declared outside their namespace. Namespaces – using directive A namespace is a scope. Thus, “namespace is a very fundamental and relatively simple concept. The larger a program is, the more useful namespaces are to express logical separations of its parts. Ideally(理想地), a namespace should [1] express a logically coherent (相关的) set of features. [2] not give users access to unrelated features, and [3] not impose a significant notational burden on users. Namespaces - std C++’s std namespaces includes all of the standard libraries. 2.2 Introduction to C++ Input/Output C++ Input/Output basic concepts In C++, input/output is treated as a stream of consecutive bytes（连续的字节流）. Thus C++ input/output is called stream input/output. C++ Input/Output basic concepts The header iostream must be included to use C++ standard input/output. cin: the standard input object cout: the standard output object