Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (Chapter 9).ppt

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (Chapter 9) Rules for making Lewis dot structures Sulfur Dioxide, SO2 SO2 (2) Thiocyanate ion, (SCN)- MOLECULAR GEOMETRY VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory. Most important factor in determining geometry is relative repulsion between electron pairs. Structure Determination by VSEPR There are 4 electron pairs at the corners of a tetrahedron. VSEPR - ammonia Although the electron pair geometry is tetrahedral . . . AXnEm notation VSEPR - water 2. Count BP’s and LP’s = 4 3. The 4 electron pairs are at the corners of a tetrahedron. VSEPR - water (2) VSEPR - formaldehyde 2. Count BP’s and LP’s: At Carbon there are 4 BP but . . . 3. These are distributed in ONLY 3 regions. Double bond electron pairs are in same region. There are 3 regions of electron density Electron repulsion places them at the corners of a planar triangle. VSEPR - Bond Angles Define bond angles 1 and 2 Angle 1 = H-C-H = ? Angle 2 = H-O-C = ? Answer: VSEPR - bond angles (2) Define bond angles 1 and 2 What about:STRUCTURES WITH CENTRAL ATOMS THAT DO NOT OBEY THE OCTET RULE ? Geometry for non-octet species also obey VSEPR rules The B atom is surrounded by only 3 electron pairs. Bond angles are 120o Compounds with 5 or 6 Pairs Around the Central Atom Sulfur Tetrafluoride, SF4 Sulfur Tetrafluoride, SF4 (2) Lone pair is in the equatorial position because it requires more room than a bond pair. Bonding with Hybrid Atomic Orbitals 4 C atom orbitals hybridize to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid atomic orbitals. Orbital Hybridization BONDS SHAPE HYBRID REMAIN e.g. Multiple Bonds s and p Bonding in C2H4 The extra p orbital electron on each C atom overlaps the p orbital on the neighboring atom to form the p bond. Consequences of Multiple Bonding See Butene.Map in ENER_MAP in CAChe models. Bond Properties What is the effect of bonding and structure on molecular properties ? Bond Order the number of bonds between a pair of at