Chapter 13 The Chi-Square Test.ppt

Chapter 13: The Chi-Square Test Chi-Square as a Statistical Test Statistical Independence Hypothesis Testing with Chi-Square The Assumptions Stating the Research and Null Hypothesis Expected Frequencies Calculating Obtained Chi-Square Sampling Distribution of Chi-Square Determining the Degrees of Freedom Limitations of Chi-Square Test Chi-Square as a Statistical Test Chi-square test: an inferential statistics technique designed to test for significant relationships between two variables organized in a bivariate table. Chi-square requires no assumptions about the shape of the population distribution from which a sample is drawn. It can be applied to nominally or ordinally measured variables. Statistical Independence Independence (statistical): the absence of association between two cross-tabulated variables. The percentage distributions of the dependent variable within each category of the independent variable are identical. Hypothesis Testing with Chi-Square Chi-square follows five steps: Making assumptions (random sampling) Stating the research and null hypotheses and selecting alpha Selecting the sampling distribution and specifying the test statistic Computing the test statistic Making a decision and interpreting the results The Assumptions The chi-square test requires no assumptions about the shape of the population distribution from which the sample was drawn. However, like all inferential techniques it assumes random sampling. It can be applied to variables measured at a nominal and/or an ordinal level of measurement. Stating Research and Null Hypotheses The research hypothesis (H1) proposes that the two variables are related in the population. The null hypothesis (H0) states that no association exists between the two cross-tabulated variables in the population, and therefore the variables are statistically independent. H1: The two variables are related in the population. Gender and fear of walking alone at night are statistically dependent.