Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology.ppt

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Chapter 2 Cellular Adaptation Cellular Adaptation Cellular Adaptation Cellular Injury Reversible Irreversible Cellular Injury Mechanisms Hypoxic injury Ischemia – cut off of blood flow circulation Anoxia – insufficient oxygen can be due to lowered Hb, respiration effects, respiratory poisons Cellular responses Decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange Cellular swelling Reperfusion injury Cellular Injury Mechanisms Free radicals and reactive oxygen species Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron Lipid peroxidation Alteration of proteins Alteration of DNA Mechanisms for the inactivation of free radicals Cellular Injury Mechanisms Chemical injury Lead – CNS toxin – interferes with neurotransmitters causing hyperactivity. Lead paints and children – anemia lead toxicity Carbon monoxide – binds irreversibly to Hb Ethanol – cellular toxin kills cells – liver toxin- interrupts protein transport – pickles cells can cause fetal alcohol syndrome Mercury – neurotoxin can cause bone deformities Social or street drugs Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Blunt force injuries Application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues Contusion vs. hematoma – bleeding in skin underlying layers Abrasion – removal of superficial skin layers Laceration rip, year or puncture of skin layers Fractures – broken bones Contusions and Hematomas Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Sharp force injuries Incised wounds Stab wounds Puncture wounds Chopping wounds Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Gunshot wounds Entrance wounds Contact range entrance wound Intermediate range entrance wound Tattooing and stippling Indeterminate range entrance wound Exit wounds Shored exit wound Gunshot Wounds Unintentional and Intentional Injuries Asphyxial injuries Caused by a failure of cells to rece