Chapter 9 (part 3).ppt

Chapter 9 (part 3) Membranes Membrane transport Membranes are selectively permeable barriers Hydrophobic uncharged small molecules can freely diffuse across membranes. Membranes are impermeable to polar and charged molecules. Polar and charged molecules require transport proteins to cross membranes (translocators, permeases, carriers) Transport of non-polar molecules Non-polar gases, lipids, drugs etc… Enter and leave cells through diffusion. Move from side with high concentration to side of lower concentration. Diffusion depends on concentration gradient. Diffusion down concentration gradient is spontaneous process (-DG). Transport of polar or charged compounds Involves three different types of integral membrane proteins Channels and Pores Passive transporters Active transporters Transporters differ in kinetic and energy requirements Channels and Pores Have central passage that allows molecules cross the membrane. Can cross in either direction by diffusing down concentration gradient. Solutes of appropriate size and charge can use same pore. Rate of diffusion is not saturable. No energy input required Porins Present in bacteria plasma membrane and outer membrane of mitochondria Weakly selective, act as sieves Permanently open 30-50 kD in size exclusion limits 600-6000 Most arrange in membrane as trimers Passive Transport (Facilitated Diffusion) Solutes only move in the thermodynamically favored direction But proteins may facilitate transport, increasing the rates of transport Two important distinguishing features: solute flows only in the favored direction transport displays saturation kinetics Three types of transporters Uniporter – carries single molecule across membrane Symport – cotransports two different molecules in same direction across membrane Antiport – cotransports two different molecules in opposite directions across membrane. Transporters undergo conformational change upon substrate binding Allows substrate to transverse membrane Once sub