词汇学第3章复习.docVIP

Chapter3 Word Formation part1 Morphological Structure of English Words Morphemes 词素/语素/形位 Words Morphemes A word is the SMALLEST unit of a language that STANDS ALONE to communicate meaning. a minimum FREE form Words can be SEPATATED into even smaller meaningful units: morphemes e.g. denaturalization de- : deice deforest natur(e): -al: magical -iz(e): humanize industrialize popularize -ation (-tion, -sion, -ion): confirmation moderation realization These MININAL MEANINGFUL units are known as morphemes. “the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words”棗 David Crystal cA single word may be made up of one or more morphemes: Mono-morphemic: central, success, log, work, clerk Double-morphemic: centralize, successful, kindness, worker Triple-morphemic: decentralize, unsuccessful Four-morphemic: decentralized, unsuccessfully, unfriendliness Allomorphs 词素变体 Morphemes VS Morphs Morphs(形素) are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. actual forms used to REALIZE morphemes. Morphemes (形位/词素) : abstract units / “ in the mind ” Morphs: “in speech/ in the mouth”. Allomorphs(词素变体): any of the different forms of a particular morpheme. e.g. “Plurality” {-s} 大括号表形位 / / 表示形素或词素变体 * Different allomorphs in different SOUND CONTEXT Cats /s/ bags /z/ matches /iz/ sheep : Ф zero-morph ……. Morpheme: {-s} ‘plural’ ↙ ↙ ↘ ↘ morph morph morph morph → allomorph /s/ /z/ /iz/ Ф Two Types of Morphemes: Classifying Morphemes: Free VS Bound Free Morphemes: Independent, complete meaning, free grammatical units; Morphemes which can stand alone as single words; Are identical with root words. Bound Morphemes: Are ATTACHED to another form; Must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free; Include: bound root and affix. *Root: part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning. e.g. undressed prediction un- dress -ed pre- -dict- -ion