儿科学AURI.ppt

Respiratory Diseases Lin Guangyu Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Medical College, Shantou University General Introduction Respiratory disorders important as They account for 50 % of consultations with general practitioners for acute illness in young children and a third of consultations in older children Respiratory illness leads to 20-35 % of acute paediatric admissions to hospital, some of which are life-threatening Asthma is the most common chronic illness of childhood in the world Acute Upper Respiratory Infection (AURI) Introduction AURIs are the most frequently occurring illness in children. On average, children acquire three to eight AURIs every year. AURIs are generally caused by the viruses. There are little difference in the incidence of colds by sex, race, or geograhpic region. Environmental factors that increase the likelihood of acquiring cold include attendance at child care facilities, smoking, passive exposure to smoke, low income, crowding and psychologic stress. Fog and haze. Etiology Common viruses that usually cause common colds Rhinoviruses Parainfluenza or influenza viruses Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Coronaviruses Adenovirus Enteroviruses Coxsackie Virus and ECHO Virus Reoviruses Etiology The common cold has over 200 known viral causes: 30% are rhinoviruses. 15% are influenza or parainfluenza viruses. 10% are coronaviruses.(20% in adult.) 5% are enteroviruses. 40% are unknown. Etiology Parainfluenza viruses (types 1～4) often produce lower respiratory disease but, particularly in reinfections, the symptoms may present as uncomplicated AURIs. RSV often begins in infants as a AURI but spreads to the lower respiratory tract. Etiology Viruses Cold viruses may be transmitted by three routes: Large-particle droplets, which can travel a short distance to directly inoculate another person Small-particle aerosols, which can travel longer distances and deposit directly in alveoli of other individua