第十一章蛋白质合成.ppt

按中心法则,DNA贮存遗传信息传递给mRNA,mRNA是蛋白质合成的模板,但是mRNA→蛋白质之间遗传信息的传递并不像转录那样简单,从mRNA上所携带的遗传信息,到多肽链上所带的遗传信息的传递,好像从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的情形,所以人们称以mRNA为模板的蛋白质合成过程为翻译或转译。 Protein synthesis or translation is the most complex of all biosynthetic mechanisms; 60 to 90 macromolecules for making up the protein-synthesizing machine ribosomes; Over 20 enzymes for activating the amino acids; Over 10 auxiliary proteins for the initiation, elongation and termination of the polypeptide chains; Account for up to 90% of the chemical energy used by a cell for all biosynthetic reactions; The molecules used for translation account for more than 35% of the cell’s dry weight; Proteins are synthesized with extremely high efficiency: a complete polypeptide chain of 100 residues is synthesized in about 5 seconds in an E.coli cells at 37oC. 第一节:蛋白质合成体系的组分 翻译的过程非常复杂,几乎涉及到细胞内所有种类的RNA和几十种蛋白质因子 。 mRNA的发现 遗传密码 Genetic studies of insertion, deletion, and substitution mutants showed codons for amino acids are triplet of nucleotides; Which condon which AA ? Artificially synthesized poly(U) was added to 20 reaction tubes each containing the cell-free E.coli extract, GTP, a mixture of 20 amino acids, and one 14C labeled amino acid; When poly (A) and poly (C) were added, radioactive polypeptides were only detected in the tubes containing 14C-labeled L-Lys and L-Pro respectively; UUU, AAA, CCC encodes Phe, Lys, Pro respectively; Base composition of the triplets coding for certain amino acids were revealed using mixed copolymers of RNA Polyribonucleotides of defined repeating sequences of two to four bases helped to end the decoding work 形成多少怎样的肽链？ Many trinucleotides promote the binding of specific aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes 61 of the codons code for the 20 amino acids and three (UAA, UAG, UGA) for chain termination, called termination codons, stop codons, or nonsense codons); AUG is a dual codon coding for initiation and Met; 5.方向性：密码子的阅读方向是5’ 3’，不能反过来。 6.特殊密码子 64个code中，有61个编码AA 3个终止密码子：UAG、UAA、UGA 起